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冷暴露时有氧耐力运动表现及自主神经调节的性别特征

韩鹏^1,2, 王韵然¹, 吕媛媛³, 赵丽^2,*

¹哈尔滨体育学院运动人体科学学院，哈尔滨 150008；²北京体育大学运动人体科学学院，北京 100084；³北京体育大学中国运动与健康研究院，北京 100084

摘要

本研究从心率恢复(heart rate recovery, HRR)和心率变异性(heart rate variability, HRV)角度探讨冷暴露时不同性别有氧耐力运动表现和自主神经系统的调节特征。选取某大学30 名径赛耐力项目受试者(17 名男性、13 名女性，运动等级均为二级及以上)，分析他们在冷环境和常温环境下的有氧耐力运动能力，运动前、中和后HRV时域、频域和非线性相关指标，及运动后1 min HRR变化特点。结果显示：(1) 所有受试者冷环境完成有氧耐力运动持续时间较常温环境均显著增加，运动后1min HRR较常温环境显著降低，且男性降低幅度显著高于女性。(2) 时域指标：所有受试者冷环境安静状态正常心动周期的平均标准差(standard deviation from the mean value of normal to normal intervals, SDNN)、相邻R-R 区间连续差值均方根(rootmean square of successive differences, RMSSD)、相邻N-N 间期差值大于50 ms 的个数占窦性心搏总个数的百分比(percentageof adjacent normal-to-normal intervals differing by more than 50 ms, pNN50)水平较常温环境无显著变化；冷环境有氧耐力运动期间SDNN、RMSSD、pNN50 水平较常温环境显著升高，女性升高幅度显著高于男性；男性不同温度环境下各时间点SDNN、RMSSD和pNN50 水平均较安静状态明显下降；女性不同温度环境下各时间点SDNN、RMSSD水平均较安静状态明显下降，冷环境下各时间点pNN50 较安静状态明显下降。(3) 频域指标：所有受试者冷环境安静状态高频归一化功率[high frequency normalized units, HF (n.u.)]、低频归一化功率[low frequency normalized units, LF (n.u.)]和LF/HF 比值均较常温环境无显著变化；冷环境有氧耐力运动期间仅女性HF (n.u.)水平较常温环境显著升高(P < 0.01)、LF (n.u.)和LF/HF比值较常温环境显著降低(P < 0.05)；常温和低温环境下各时间点HF (n.u.)、LF (n.u.)和LF/HF 比值均较安静状态无显著变化。(4) 非线性结果：冷环境有氧耐力运动期间仅女性SD1 (standard deviation perpendicular to the line-of-identity)/SD2 (standard deviationalong the line-of-identity)比值较常温环境显著升高(P < 0.05)，冷环境有氧耐力运动男性各时间点和女性运动后1 min SD1/SD2 比值均较安静状态显著升高(P < 0.01)。上述结果提示，冷环境下所有受试者有氧耐力运动表现提高，而自主神经系统调节存在性别差异，女性有氧耐力运动期间迷走神经系统活动程度和运动后副交感系统再激活程度较男性高，且自主神经系统恢复速度更快。

关键词： 冷暴露; 性别; 心率恢复; 心率变异性; 有氧耐力运动

Genders characteristics of aerobic endurance exercise performance and autonomic regulation in cold environments

HAN Peng^1,2, WANG Yun-Ran¹, LYU Yuan-Yuan³, ZHAO Li^2,*

¹College of Sports and Human Sciences, Harbin Sport University, Harbin 150008, China；²College of Sports and Human Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China；³China Sports and Health Research Institute, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China

Abstract

This study examined the regulatory effects of autonomic nervous system on aerobic endurance exercise performance in cold exposure, focusing on heart rate recovery (HRR) and heart rate variability (HRV) across genders. Thirty participants (17 males and 13 females) from a university track endurance program, classified as exercise grade II or above, underwent monitoring of HRV in time domain, frequency domain, nonlinear correlation indices and 1 min HRR. Measurements were taken before, during, and after aerobic endurance exercise in cold and normal environments, respectively. The results were as follows. (1) The duration of aerobic endurance exercise completed by all the subjects in cold environment was significantly increased compared with that in normal environment. The 1 min HRR after aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment was significantly lower than that in normal environment, and the decrease in the males was significantly higher than that in the females. (2) The time domain analysis results showed that, prior to the aerobic endurance exercise, there were no significant difference of standard deviation from the mean value of normal to normal intervals (SDNN), root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD), and percentage of adjacent normal-to-normal intervals differing by more than 50 ms (pNN50) between cold and normal environments. During aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment, SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 were significantly higher than those in normal environment, with the females showing significantly greater increases compared with those of the males. The levels of SDNN, RMSSD and pNN50 in the males at different time points under different environments were significantly lower than those in the quiet state; The levels of SDNN and RMSSD of the females at different time points under different environments were significantly lower than those in the quiet state, while the pNN50 at different time points under cold environments was significantly lower than that in the quiet state. (3) Frequency domain analysis results showed that, prior to the aerobic endurance exercise, there was no significant difference of high frequency normalized units [HF (n.u.)], low frequency normalized units [LF (n.u.)] and LF/HF ratio between cold and normal environments. During aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment, the levels of HF (n.u.) significantly increased compared to normal environment in the females, while LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio levels significantly decreased compared to normal environments. The levels of HF (n.u.), LF (n.u.) and LF/HF ratio of different genders at different time points in the different environments showed no significant changes, compared to those in the quiet state. (4) Non-linear analysis results showed a significant increase in SD1 (standard deviation perpendicular to the line-of-identity)/SD2 (standard deviation along the line-of-identity) ratio during aerobic endurance exercise in cold environment in the females, while no significant changes were observed in the males. SD1/SD2 ratios in the males at different time points and in the females at 1 min under cold environments were significantly higher than those in the quiet state. These findings suggest that aerobic endurance performance increases during cold exposure, accompanied by gender-specific differences in the regulation of autonomic nervous system. Females exhibit higher vagal activity and faster autonomic nervous system recovery compared to males.

Key words: cold exposure; gender; heart rate recovery; heart rate variability; aerobic endurance exercise

收稿日期：　　录用日期：

通讯作者：赵丽　　E-mail:

DOI: 10.13294/j.aps.2025.0008

引用本文：

韩鹏, 王韵然, 吕媛媛, 赵丽. 冷暴露时有氧耐力运动表现及自主神经调节的性别特征[J]. 生理学报 2025; 77 (1): 25-34.

HAN Peng, WANG Yun-Ran, LYU Yuan-Yuan, ZHAO Li. Genders characteristics of aerobic endurance exercise performance and autonomic regulation in cold environments. Acta Physiol Sin 2025; 77 (1): 25-34 (in Chinese with English abstract).