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少突胶质前体细胞的免疫调控功能

陈祥^1,2, 何成¹, 刘鹏^1,*

¹海军军医大学分子神经生物学教育部重点实验室，基础医学院神经生物学教研室，上海 200433；²中国人民解放军第903医院检验科，杭州 310013

摘要

少突胶质前体细胞(oligodendrocyte precursor cells, OPCs)的经典功能是分化为成熟的少突胶质细胞并参与中枢神经系统的髓鞘形成。在多种脱髓鞘疾病情况下，如颅脑外伤、脑缺血、多发性硬化等，OPCs虽然存在于脱髓鞘区域，但难以正常分化为成熟的少突胶质细胞并进行再髓鞘化。传统观点认为OPCs是免疫反应的承受者，但新的研究显示在疾病发生过程中，OPCs并非单纯是免疫应答对象，而是深度参与免疫调控过程。干扰素γ (interferon γ, IFN-γ)、白细胞介素-17 (interleukin 17, IL-17)等细胞因子可诱导OPCs表型改变，形成免疫相关OPCs (immune associated OPCs, imOPCs)，参与天然免疫和适应性免疫活化。imOPCs表达包括Toll样受体在内的多个天然免疫模式识别受体，并具有吞噬髓鞘碎片、提呈抗原的能力。此外，imOPCs还可分泌多种炎性因子和趋化因子，调控Th0细胞分化和NK细胞、粒细胞、巨噬细胞等募集。探究imOPCs的免疫调控功能，对于认识脱髓鞘相关疾病机理，提出治疗新策略有着重要意义。

关键词： 少突胶质前体细胞; 神经免疫; 免疫调控; 炎症反应; 抗原提呈

The role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in immunoregulation

CHEN Xiang^1,2, HE Cheng¹, LIU Peng^1,*

¹Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology of Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China；²Clinical Lab, the 903rd Hospital of PLA, Hangzhou 310013, China

Abstract

Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) are recognized as the progenitors responsible for the generation of oligodendrocytes, which play a critical role in myelination of central nervous system. In addition, in demyelinating diseases, such as brain trauma, ischemia, and multiple sclerosis, OPCs are also found in demyelinated regions, but fail to differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and remyelinate. From traditional view, OPC is victim of immune response. However, recent studies have shed light on immune associated OPCs (imOPCs), which are induced by interferon γ (IFN-γ), and interleukin 17 (IL-17), and are involved in the innate and adaptive immune activation. By expressing multiple natural immune pattern recognition receptors, such as Toll-like receptors, imOPCs can phagocytose myelin debris for antigen presentation. Furthermore, imOPCs can also secrete various inflammatory and chemotactic factors to regulate the differentiation of Th0 cells and the recruitment of NK cells, granulocytes and macrophages. Thus, it is of great importance to explore the immunoregulatory function of OPCs to elucidate the mechanisms and treatments of demyelinating diseases.

Key words: oligodendrocyte precursor cells; neuroimmunity; immunoregulation; inflammatory response; antigen presentation

收稿日期：　　录用日期：

通讯作者：刘鹏　　E-mail:

引用本文：

陈祥, 何成, 刘鹏. 少突胶质前体细胞的免疫调控功能[J]. 生理学报 2024; 76 (5): 743-751.

CHEN Xiang, HE Cheng, LIU Peng. The role of oligodendrocyte precursor cells in immunoregulation. Acta Physiol Sin 2024; 76 (5): 743-751 (in Chinese with English abstract).