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孤独症患者的偏才和获得性偏才现象及其神经生物学机理

张宇¹, 韩中胜^1,2,*

¹山西医科大学生理学系，太原 030001；² 美国西雅图儿童研究所综合脑科学研究中心，西雅图 98101

摘要

孤独症是一种病因复杂、临床表现多样、与早期发育密切相关的儿科常见病，严重影响患者的学习和日常生活能力，但部分患者却伴有某种超常的技巧或才能，即所谓“孤独偏才”现象。与此相关的另一罕见现象是，某些人在中枢神经系统受伤后也表现出某种特殊的技巧或才能，即所谓“获得性偏才”现象。研究资料表明，这两类偏才的神经生物学变化原理有许多共同之处。本文简介这两类偏才现象，并进一步分析其神经生物学原理，以帮助人们对这些特殊大脑功能活动的了解。

关键词： 孤独症谱系障碍; 孤独偏才; 获得性偏才; 神经生物学原理

分类号：R338；R74

Neurobiological mechanisms of autistic savant and acquired savant

Zhang Yu¹, Victor Z Han^1,2,*

¹Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China；²Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98101, USA

Abstract

The autism spectrum is a pervasive developmental disorder characterized by profound social and verbal communication deficits, stereotypical motor behaviors, restricted interests, and cognitive abnormalities. It affects approximately 1% of children in most of the reported nations and regions. One of the most fascinating and mysterious features of autism, however, is the remarkable talent
frequently found in people affected by it, namely autistic savant. A parallel and equally mysterious phenomenon is that some otherwise normal and ordinary individuals develop similarly remarkable talent after brain injuries, a disorder known as acquired savant. After
decades of intensive investigation, significant progress has been made in these fields. Current studies indicate that autistic savant and acquired savant are neuropathologically related, and these disorders share many neurobiological mechanisms. This review summarizes current knowledge of autism and both two savant types, and how it may aid our understanding of higher brain functionalities.

Key words: autistic spectrum disorder; autistic savant; acquired savant; neurobiological mechanisms

收稿日期：2017-08-28　　录用日期：2017-12-08

通讯作者：韩中胜　　E-mail: victor.han@seattlechildrens.org

DOI: 10.13294/j.aps.2017.0090

引用本文：

张宇, 韩中胜. 孤独症患者的偏才和获得性偏才现象及其神经生物学机理[J]. 生理学报 2018; 70 (2): 201-210.

Zhang Yu, Victor Z Han. Neurobiological mechanisms of autistic savant and acquired savant. Acta Physiol Sin 2018; 70 (2): 201-210 (in Chinese with English abstract).