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过度离心训练引起的骨骼肌肌束膜衔接盘结构域变化及针刺干预效应

孔梅, 张翔, 叶梅聆, 张学林^*

曲阜师范大学体育科学学院，曲阜 273165

摘要

本文旨在研究针刺干预对过度离心训练引起的肌束膜衔接盘(perimysial junctional plates, PJPs)结构域变化的影响，探讨针刺改善过度使用性损伤的机制。30只健康雄性Wistar大鼠随机分成对照组、4周训练组、4周训练后1周自然恢复组和4周训练后1周针刺恢复组。4周训练组进行过度离心训练(跑台坡度−16°，速度16~20 m/min，60~90 min/d，每周5天)，1周自然恢复即不进行任何干预措施，1周针刺恢复即每天使用直径0.25 mm毫针针刺(斜刺)趾长伸肌，留针4 min。透射电子显微镜观察PJPs结构域变化，1.5 mol/L NaOH消蚀和非消蚀法扫描电子显微镜观察肌束膜胶原纤维网络分支变化。结果显示：(1)与对照组相比，4周训练组PJPs结构域发生改变：肌节长度显著缩短(P < 0.001)、结构损伤严重，肌原纤维间线粒体出现空泡、肌膜下线粒体肿胀；肌膜降解程度严重，占总量54%，同时胞膜窖(caveolae)数量大幅度增加(P < 0.01)；PJPs数量显著减少(P < 0.001)。(2)与4周训练组相比，4周训练后1周自然恢复组PJPs结构域改变程度减轻：肌节长度大致恢复正常，结构损伤部分恢复，肌原纤维间线粒体、肌膜下线粒体形态结构恢复；肌膜降解程度大幅度减轻(P < 0.001)，同时胞膜窖数量增加(P < 0.05)；PJPs数量显著增加(P < 0.001)。(3)与4周训练后1周自然恢复组相比，4周训练后1周针刺恢复组PJPs结构域改变显著减轻：肌节长度基本恢复，结构恢复正常，肌膜下线粒体融合程度增加(P < 0.001)；胞膜窖数量减少(P < 0.001)；PJPs数量减少(P < 0.001)，基本恢复正常。以上结果提示：(1)过度离心训练造成PJPs数量显著减少，其结构域稳态改变，妨碍了运动适应能力；(2)恢复期PJPs数量过度增加，其结构域稳态改变恢复受到限制，妨碍了骨骼肌损伤修复过程；(3)针刺干预使PJPs数量基本恢复正常，进而通过调节PJPs结构域稳态，减轻过度使用性损伤症状。

关键词： 骨骼肌; 过度离心训练 ; 肌束膜衔接盘结构域 ; 针刺

分类号：G804.2

Changes of perimysial junctional plates induced by excessive eccentric training and the effects of acupuncture intervention

KONG Mei, ZHANG Xiang, YE Mei-Ling, ZHANG Xue-Lin^*

College of Physical Education, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the effects of acupuncture intervention on excessive eccentric training-induced changes of perimysial junctional plates (PJPs) domain. Thirty healthy male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 5 groups: control group, four-week training group, four-week training + 1-week recovery group and four-week training + 1-week acupuncture group. Rats were subjected to continuous excessive eccentric training for 4 weeks (incline −16°, speed 16–20 m/min, 60–90 min/d, 5 day per week), and then were subjected to one-week spontaneous recovery or one-week recovery with acupuncture intervention (a piece of filiform needle for 4 min every day). The PJPs domain changes were observed under transmission electron microscopy, and the perimysial collagen network structural changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy with or without a digestion technique (NaOH). The following results were obtained: (1) Compared with control group, PJPs domain of four-week training group showed excessive shortening of sarcomere (P < 0.001), serious damage of sarcomere structure, and altered mitochondria morphology in intermyofibria and subsarcolemma; 54% degradation of sarcolemma, and increased number of caveolae (P < 0.01); reduced number of PJPs (P < 0.001). (2) In comparison with four-week training group, PJPs domain was slightly changed in four-week training + 1-week recovery group, i.e., partial recovery of sarcomere length and structure (accounting for 85.23% of control group), and recovery of intermyofibrial and subsarcolemmal mitochondria morphology; decreased sarcolemmal degradation (P < 0.001), and increased number of caveolae (P < 0.05); increased PJPs number (P < 0.001). (3) PJPs domain changed in four-week training + 1-week acupuncture group compared with four-week training + 1-week recovery group, which were substantial recovery of sarcomere length (accounting for 94.51% of control group), increased subsarcolemmal mitochondrial fusion (P < 0.001), decreased caveolae number (P < 0.001), and decreased PJPs number (P < 0.001). The results indicated that excessive eccentric training resulted in excessively reduced number of PJPs with altered PJPs domain homeostasis, thus impeding the adaptability to eccentric training. After 1 week of natural recovery, the number of PJPs was excessively increased, hindering muscle damage repair. Acupuncture intervention helped to recover PJPs number and PJPs domain homeostasis, thus significantly relieving overuse injuries.

Key words: Skeletal muscle; excessive eccentric training ; perimysial junctional plates domain ; acupuncture

收稿日期：2016-06-24　　录用日期：2016-09-02

通讯作者：张学林　　E-mail: zhangxlyx@163.com

引用本文：

孔梅, 张翔, 叶梅聆, 张学林. 过度离心训练引起的骨骼肌肌束膜衔接盘结构域变化及针刺干预效应[J]. 生理学报 2017; 69 (1): 17-32.

KONG Mei, ZHANG Xiang, YE Mei-Ling, ZHANG Xue-Lin. Changes of perimysial junctional plates induced by excessive eccentric training and the effects of acupuncture intervention. Acta Physiol Sin 2017; 69 (1): 17-32 (in Chinese with English abstract).