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再可塑性在学习记忆中作用的研究进展

王韶莉, 陆巍

东南大学生命科学研究院“发育与疾病相关基因”教育部重点实验室，南京 210096；2南京医科大学基础医学院神经生物学系，南京 210029

摘要

突触可塑性是学习记忆功能的重要细胞机制，也是神经科学领域的研究热点之一，其中长时程增强(long-term potentiation, LTP)与长时程抑制(long-term depression, LTD)是突触可塑性的两种主要表现形式。作为突触可塑性高级形式的再可塑性(metaplasticity)，是指突触可塑性的可塑性，即突触活动的过往史对后继的突触可塑性产生影响，这表明突触的可塑性依赖于当前的突触“状态”，因此对探究大脑学习记忆功能与疾病对认知的影响具有重要意义。自再可塑性的概念提出以来，便引起了广泛关注，大量的实验现象与细胞机制的研究成果已经使再可塑性的理论体系逐渐完善。尤其是近年来，人们发现再可塑性调节不仅可以影响突触可塑性，在个体水平上，再可塑性调节也可以提高动物的学习记忆能力，并且可以调控神经网络对特定信息的编码。这些研究成果不仅极大地丰富了再可塑性的理论体系，也为人们探究学习记忆功能开辟了新的道路。本文从以下三个方面对再可塑性调节的研究进展进行了概括与总结：(1)再可塑性的主要分子机制；(2)再可塑性对学习记忆功能的影响；(3)再可塑性领域的研究展望。

关键词： 突触可塑性; 再可塑性; 学习记忆; 神经网络

分类号：R338

[Progress on metaplasticity and its role in learning and memory.] [Article in Chinese]

WANG Shao-Li, LU Wei

1The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China； 2Department of Neurobiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029, China

Abstract

Long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-term depression (LTD) are two major forms of synaptic plasticity that are widely considered as important cellular models of learning and memory. Metaplasticity is defined as the plasticity of synaptic plasticity and thus is an advanced form of plasticity. The history of synaptic activity can affect the subsequent synaptic plasticity induction. Therefore, it is important to study metaplasticity to explore new mechanisms underlying various brain functions including learning and memory. Since the concept of metaplasticity was proposed, it has aroused widespread concerns and attracted numerous researchers to dig more details on this topic. These new-found experimental phenomena and cellular mechanisms have established the basis of theoretical studies on metaplasticity. In recent years, researchers have found that metaplasticity can not only affect the synaptic plasticity, but also regulate the neural network to encode specific content and enhance the learning and memory. These findings have greatly enriched our knowledge on plasticity and opened a new route to study the mechanism of learning and memory. In this review, we discuss the recent progress on metaplasticity on following three aspects: (1) the molecular mechanisms of metaplasticity; (2) the role of metaplasticity in learning and memory; and (3) the outlook of future study on metaplasticity.

Key words: Synaptic plasticity; metaplasticity; learning and memory; neural network

收稿日期：2016-02-25　　录用日期：2016-04-06

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引用本文：

王韶莉, 陆巍. 再可塑性在学习记忆中作用的研究进展[J]. 生理学报 2016; 68 (4): 475-482.

WANG Shao-Li, LU Wei. [Progress on metaplasticity and its role in learning and memory.] [Article in Chinese]. Acta Physiol Sin 2016; 68 (4): 475-482 (in Chinese with English abstract).