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小胶质细胞的生理特性和功能

李莹, 杜旭飞, 杜久林

中国科学院上海生命科学研究院神经科学研究所，神经科学国家重点实验室，上海 200031

摘要

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中重要的免疫效应细胞。病理刺激下，小胶质细胞被迅速激活，参与到一系列免疫反应中。生理状态下，小胶质细胞处于静息状态，并伴随大量细胞突起不断伸缩以探索周围环境，提示静息态小胶质细胞可能具有重要生理功能。近年来研究显示，小胶质细胞参与调节多项生理过程，包括神经系统发育、环路形成、神经元活动、神经功能可塑性以及动物抓腮行为等。本文将综述小胶质细胞在生理条件下的基本特性，并围绕小胶质细胞是如何参与上述生理过程的调节等问题展开讨论。

关键词： 小胶质细胞; 静息态; 激活态; 突触; 神经元; 神经功能

分类号：R338

[Physiological properties and functions of microglia] [Article in Chinese]

Li Ying, DU Xu-Fei, DU Jiu-Lin

Institute of Neuroscience and State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China

Abstract

Microglia, the resident immune effective cells of the central nervous system, play crucial roles in mediating immune-related process. It becomes activated quickly in response to even minor pathological insults and participates in series of immune responses. Under physiological conditions, most microglia stay in a typical resting state, with ramified processes continuously extending and retracting from surrounding neural tissues, suggesting an important function of resting microglia. Recent studies indicate that resting microglia can regulate many physiological processes, including neural development, neural circuit formation, neuronal activity and plasticity, and animal grooming behavior. Here, we review the properties of resting microglia and further discuss how microglia participate in the above-mentioned functional regulation under physiological conditions.

Key words: microglia; resting state; activated state; synapse; neuron; neural function

收稿日期：2013-03-11　　录用日期：2013-05-09

通讯作者：　　E-mail:

引用本文：

李莹, 杜旭飞, 杜久林. 小胶质细胞的生理特性和功能[J]. 生理学报 2013; 65 (5): 471-482.

Li Ying, DU Xu-Fei, DU Jiu-Lin. [Physiological properties and functions of microglia] [Article in Chinese]. Acta Physiol Sin 2013; 65 (5): 471-482 (in Chinese with English abstract).