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不同运动模式对中老年人工作记忆功能影响的研究进展与展望

郑益坤¹, 陈祖淋¹, 林理涵², 郑婕³, 胡国鹏^1,*

¹华侨大学体育学院，泉州 362021；²福建师范大学体育科学学院，福州 350007；³北京航空航天大学生物与医学工程学院，北京 100191

摘要

本综述分析了不同运动模式对中老年人工作记忆功能的影响，系统梳理了有氧运动、抗阻力训练及传统身心结合运动的干预证据，并阐明其即时效应与长期作用机制。研究发现，有氧运动通过改善脑血流量、增强神经可塑性及上调脑源性神经营养因子(brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF)水平提升工作记忆；抗阻力训练激活神经适应性重塑机制并优化脑血流动力学，强化执行控制能力；传统身心结合运动通过重构功能网络与调节应激-炎症轴，提高认知控制网络效能；混合运动方案结合有氧与抗阻力训练的协同效应，可进一步改善工作记忆表现。机制研究表明，运动干预通过BDNF介导的突触可塑性增强、多巴胺/去甲肾上腺素能系统的协同调控、改善脑血流和促进血管反应性等多途径，共同优化神经网络功能。基于生理与认知基线特征的动态个体化处方设计可最大化认知健康效益。未来需融合多模态神经影像技术阐明运动干预的神经机制，开发人工智能驱动的个性化处方系统；政策层面应深化体医融合机制，推动运动干预在慢性病共病人群中的规模化应用，以应对老龄化公共健康挑战。

关键词： 人口老龄化; 体卫融合; 认知功能; 工作记忆衰退; 运动干预; 神经可塑性

The research progress and outlook on the effects of different exercise modalities on working memory function in middle-aged and elderly individuals

ZHENG Yi-Kun¹, CHEN Zu-Lin¹, LIN Li-Han², ZHENG Jie³, HU Guo-Peng^1,*

¹School of Physical Education, Huaqiao University, Quanzhou 362021, China；²School of Physical Education and Sports Science, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China；³School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Beijing 100191, China

Abstract

This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the effects of different exercise modalities on working memory function in middle-aged and older adults. It systematically reviews evidence from interventions including aerobic exercise, resistance training, and traditional mind-body exercises, examining their acute effects and long-term mechanisms of action. The findings indicate that aerobic exercise enhances working memory by improving cerebral blood flow, promoting neuroplasticity, and upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels. Resistance training activates neuroadaptive remodeling mechanisms and optimizes cerebral hemodynamics, thereby strengthening executive control. Traditional mind-body exercises improve the efficiency of cognitive control networks by restructuring functional neural networks and modulating the stress-inflammation axis. Combined exercise regimens, which integrate the synergistic effects of aerobic and resistance training, can further improve working memory performance. Mechanistic studies indicate that exercise interventions optimize neural network function through multiple pathways, including BDNF-mediated synaptic plasticity enhancement, coordinated regulation of the dopaminergic/noradrenergic systems, and improvements in cerebral blood flow and vascular reactivity. A dynamic individualized prescription design based on physiological and cognitive baseline characteristics may maximize cognitive health benefits. Future research should integrate multimodal neuroimaging technologies to clarify the neural mechanisms underlying exercise interventions and develop artificial intelligence-driven personalized prescription systems. At the policy level, integrating sports and medical services and promoting the large-scale application of exercise interventions in populations with multimorbidity are critical to addressing the public health challenges associated with population aging.

Key words: population aging; integration of sports and health; cognitive function; working memory decline; exercise intervention; neuroplasticity

收稿日期：　　录用日期：

通讯作者：胡国鹏　　E-mail:

DOI: 10.13294/j.aps.2025.0087

引用本文：

郑益坤, 陈祖淋, 林理涵, 郑婕, 胡国鹏. 不同运动模式对中老年人工作记忆功能影响的研究进展与展望[J]. 生理学报 2026; 78 (3): 513-535.

ZHENG Yi-Kun, CHEN Zu-Lin, LIN Li-Han, ZHENG Jie, HU Guo-Peng. The research progress and outlook on the effects of different exercise modalities on working memory function in middle-aged and elderly individuals. Acta Physiol Sin 2026; 78 (3): 513-535 (in Chinese with English abstract).