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抗阻训练引起骨骼肌肥大的分子机制研究进展：mTOR信号的关键作用

赵永才¹, 黄涛^2,*

¹天津体育学院运动健康学院，天津 301617；²上海交通大学体育系，上海 200240

摘要

抗阻训练通过激活哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mammalian target of rapamycin protein, mTOR)信号通路提高骨骼肌核糖体生物合成及翻译能力，进而增强蛋白合成并诱导肌肉肥大，提升肌肉力量。近年研究发现，抗阻训练在身体素质改善及疾病治疗中具有良好效果，但其诱导肌肉肥大适应的分子机制还未完全阐明。人体抗阻训练研究侧重于mTOR信号与骨骼肌肥大相关蛋白合成之间的相关性，而动物研究表明，mTOR复合物1 (mTOR complex 1, mTORC1)是介导抗阻训练引起骨骼肌肥大的关键酶。mTORC1的许多上游因子已被确定，但抗阻训练引起骨骼肌肥大的下游机制很少被研究。mTORC1调控卫星细胞的激活，卫星细胞与成熟肌纤维的融合也参与抗阻训练调控肌肉肥大过程。本文综述抗阻训练引起骨骼肌肥大的机制研究进展，分析mTOR相关信号在骨骼肌肥大适应中的作用，以期为抗阻训练改善肌肉功能的基础研究提供理论依据。

关键词： 抗阻训练; 骨骼肌; 肌肥大; 核糖体

Research progress on molecular mechanism of resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: the crucial role of mTOR signaling

ZHAO Yong-Cai¹, HUANG Tao^2,*

¹College of Exercise and Health, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin 301617, China；²Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China

Abstract

Resistance training promotes protein synthesis and hypertrophy, enhancing strength of skeletal muscle through the activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the subsequent increases of ribosome biogenesis and translation capacity. Recent studies indicate that resistance training has positive effects on physical fitness and illness treatment, yet the mechanisms underlying hypertrophic adaptation remain insufficiently understood. Human studies focused on the correlation between mTOR signals and hypertrophy-related protein production, while animal research demonstrated that mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) is the main regulator of resistance training induced-hypertrophy. A number of upstream factors of mTORC1 have been identified, while the downstream mechanisms involved in the resistance training induced-hypertrophy are rarely studied. mTORC1 regulates the activation of satellite cells, which fuse with pre-existing fibers and contribute to hypertrophic response to resistance training. This article reviews the research progress on the mechanism of skeletal muscle hypertrophy caused by resistance training, analyzes the role of mTOR-related signals in the adaptation of skeletal muscle hypertrophy, and aims to provide a basis for basic research on muscle improvements through resistance training.

Key words: resistance training; skeletal muscle; muscle hypertrophy; ribosome

收稿日期：　　录用日期：

通讯作者：黄涛　　E-mail:

DOI: 10.13294/j.aps.2025.0048

引用本文：

赵永才, 黄涛. 抗阻训练引起骨骼肌肥大的分子机制研究进展：mTOR信号的关键作用[J]. 生理学报 2025; 77 (3): 573-586.

ZHAO Yong-Cai, HUANG Tao. Research progress on molecular mechanism of resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: the crucial role of mTOR signaling. Acta Physiol Sin 2025; 77 (3): 573-586 (in Chinese with English abstract).